![4. Show gratitude (or say "thank you"). The Pashto version of this is Dera Manana. Basically, you would be saying "thank you very much" (Dera=Very much, Manana=thank you). [3] 5. Know how to give certain requests in Pashto: Ask others to "come here". Say "Dalta Raasha" .. Flights from lax to las vegas nevada](/img/512x512/1430668898406.webp)
Pashto is the native language of the Pashtun people (Islamic people originating from Afghanistan and Pakistan) and is part of the Eastern Iranian family of languages. Pashto is one of two official languages spoken in Afghanistan; the second is Dari. 35 percent of Afghanistan’s population speaks Pashto. Pashtun people in western and ...Download PDF. The 2004 constitution of Afghanistan stipulates that two Indo-Iranian languages—Pashto and Dari (the official Afghan term for the language known elsewhere as Farsi, Persian, and Tajiki)—shall be recognized as the “two official languages of the state,” while in those “areas where the majority of the people speak in any one of …Open access. Published: 28 August 2023. The diminutive morphological function between English and Pashto languages: a comparative study. Afzal Khan. Humanities and … English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. English has developed over the centuries, absorbing influences from other languages, including Latin, French, and Norse, and has become one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with an estimated 1.5 billion speakers. News. • BBC - VOA - DW: news in Pashto. Texts & Literature. • The diwan by Abdul Rahman Mohmand (or Rahman Baba) عبدالرحمان مومند Sufi, one of the greatest Pashtun poet (17 th -18 th) • Tanzil: translation of the Quran into Pashto by Abdulwali Khan. • The Quran translated into Pashto. In the present study while English is SVO language and Pashto is SOV language having distance word order with the colonial setting is predicting the insertion as dominant pattern of CM. The ...Pashto keyboard helps you to make long documents with Pashto English Typing. Pashto keyboard 2021 switch English to Pashto Keyboard & get full access to the Pashto language. Pashto voice keyboard also has a feature of voice typing. Afghan Pashto keyboard is offline and best Pashto typing keyboard. There are many different …Short sentences for daily use in pashto language:In this videos you learn some important short English sentences in pashto with a correct pronunciation try t...Pashto Language DVD Courses – It is one of the many ways to learn Pashto quickly. Unlike the traditional Pashto language textbooks, most people will find that using mixed media will give the best and most consistent results in terms of fluency in Pashto language. You can buy these DVDs from Pashto Language DVD Courses.Pashto bilingual resources. Early Years funding guidance for parents. Starting school booklet in Pashto. Phonics for parents in Pashto. Bilingual babies in Pashto. Pronouncing the phonemes in Pashto. UK Education system.Pashto is one of the dominant languages in the north of Pakistan. Its speakers prefer to communicate in L1with their peers in non-pashto speaking regions like Lahore, which is the capital city of Punjab, Pakistan. Along with Pashto, they communicate in Urdu (the national language) and English (the most prestigious academic language) …Quickly translate words and phrases between English and over 100 languages.English speakers find Pashto hard for reasons similar to why they find Arabic hard. First, the Pashto alphabet is related to the Arabic alphabet. Maybe more significantly, Pashto is a highly inflected language, so learning Pashto means becoming immersed in a world of complex grammatical peculiarities. For instance, which nouns …The increasing number of Pashto-English hybrid forms is a threat to language. However, Pashto-English convergence seems to be the most likely possibility of the mixing rather than a shift to English. A new variety of Pashto may emerge, which will be richer in vocabulary, highly adaptable and having the least proficiency issues for the speakers.Afghanistan - Dari, Pashto, Turkic: The people of Afghanistan form a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. Pashto and Persian (Dari), both Indo-European languages, are the official languages of the country. More than two-fifths of the population speak Pashto, the language of the Pashtuns, while about half speak some dialect of Persian. …North Eastern Pashto, also called Eastern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto, known as Yusufzai Dialect, it is spoken in central, northern, and eastern parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and in northeastern Afghanistan. North Western Pashto is spoken, in eastern and northeastern Afghanistan, in the central Ghilji or ... The alphabet for the Pashto language is a modified form of the Persian alphabet, but conversely called the Pashto alphabet. The Pashto alphabet in turn is derived from the Arabic alphabet, and has additional letters to incorporate the specific sounds of the Pashto language. There are 45 letters in total in the alphabet, with 4 diacritic marks. English to Pashto Translation Service can translate from English to Pashto language. Additionally, it can also translate English into over 160 other languages. Free Online English to Pashto Online Translation Service. The English to Pashto translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.Salaam .... if you are trying to learn pashto through English then this is the best video for you and also for those pashtuns who want to learn English in pashto language so … English and Pashto, particularly in the categories of nouns and adjectives. The study also aims to examine the possible influence of ancient languages, such as Greek, on the diminutive The spoken language of educated native speakers, as well as the contemporary literary language as reflected in the media, will be emphasized throughout. Class Objectives This course will familiarize students with the alphabet and sound system of Pashto, and provide a systematic presentation of its basic structure and ordinary use by stressing ...Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 Greetings in Central Pashto. 2.1 Salaam (سلام) - Hello. 2.2 Tashakor (تشکر) - Thank you. 2.3 Pa khair raghle (په خير راغلې) - Good morning. 2.4 Pa khair sham raghle (په خير شام راغلې) - Good evening. 2.5 Khudai pa aman (خدای په امن) - Goodbye. 2.6 Kala (کښې) - Bye.Pashto may have ancient legacy of borrowing vocabulary from neighbouring languages including such as Persian and Vedic Sanskrit. Modern borrowings come primarily from the English language. The earliest describes Sheikh Mali's conquest of Swat. Pir Roshan is believed to have written a number of Pashto books while fighting with the Mughals.Google-এর পরিষেবা ইংরেজি থেকে অন্যান্য ১০০টির বেশি ভাষায় শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ ও ওয়েব পৃষ্ঠা ঝটপট অনুবাদ করে, কোনও চার্জ ছাড়াই।Approximately 40 million people speak Pashto as a native language with the majority of Pashto speakers live in Afghanistan (estimated 12 million) and Pakistan (about 27 million). Pashto is one of two official languages of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. It has multiple dialects, the main being the Western dialect, also known asINTRODUCTION English...Welcome. Urdu.....kushamedeed. Pashto...pakhair raghlay پخير راغلې English...May u live in peace. Urdu.....App aman say...English in Pashto. Here, we make English learning accessible and enjoyable for Pashto speakers. Whether you're a beginner or looking to enhance your language skills, our videos provide clear ...کہ ستاسو دا ویڈیو خوخ شوے وی نو چینل سبسکرائب کول مہ ھیروے. this is the very first video of our english course, so if you want to learn english with ...Pashto is an S-O-V language with split ergativity. Adjectives come before nouns.Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (masc./fem.), number (sing./plur.), and case (direct, oblique, ablative and vocative). The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: Present; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the …Try the lovely Zafur's Journey resource in Pashto. With our lovely dual language version of Zafur's Journey in Pashto and English, any Pashto-speaking children who are also learning English as an additional language will be able to follow along without needing to rely on their English reading ability alone. Not only do dual language resources make it …Short sentences for daily use in pashto language:In this videos you learn some important short English sentences in pashto with a correct pronunciation try t...languages, that is also the case with English ’s contact with Urdu and Pashto. Research Methodology This paper is the product of a qualitative study that arose out of a systematic study of the ... Pashto to English Translation Service can translate from Pashto to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Pashto into over 160 other languages. Free Online Pashto to English Online Translation Service. The Pashto to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. Buddy Box Language Flashcards from Mark Hill. Armed Forces Veteran Mark Hill has very kindly shared the ESL flashcards that he made for Syrian children attending his local school. Download the flashcards: PDF files …The Pashto alphabet ( Pashto: پښتو الفبې, romanized: Pəx̌tó alfbâye) is the right-to-left abjad -based alphabet developed from the Arabic script, used for the Pashto language in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It originated in the 16th century through the works of Pir Roshan . Type or paste text in a source language field and select Pashto as the target language. Use our website for free and instant translation between 5,900+ language pairs. If you need fast and accurate human translation into Pashto, order professional translation starting at $0.07. The Pashto English Dictionary. It is authorized, updated by Pashto language specialist with most updated words. The project is funded by a University of Arizona Libraries grant. Transliterate words from Pashto to English or English to Pashto. Passionate and dedicated trilingual educator proficient in English, Urdu, and Pashto, with a commitment to fostering a dynamic and inclusive learning environment. With a background in teaching diverse student populations, I bring a wealth of experience in language instruction spanning English literature, Urdu language, and Pashto …السلام علیکم ۔۔۔۔ده انګلش خکلې قیصې سره انګلش زده کړﺉغواړﺉ چې د انګلش زیات وربونه verbs زده کړﺉ https://youtu.be ... This video is about All Body Parts names From English to Pashto translation. I thought all the names of human body parts in Simple Pashto Language. English v... Jan 6, 2022 · This video is about English to Pashto sentences.Topic covered1. How to translate English Sentences to Pashto language.2. English to Pashto sentences.3. Engli... Particularly if you speak English or another European language, normal word order in Pashto sentences may give you some trouble. Typically, Pashto sentences follow subject-object-verb word order. For example, the Pashto word for …The increasing number of Pashto-English hybrid forms is a threat to language. However, Pashto-English convergence seems to be the most likely possibility of the mixing rather than a shift to English. A new variety of Pashto may emerge, which will be richer in vocabulary, highly adaptable and having the least proficiency issues for the speakers.Pashto is the native language of the Pashtun people (Islamic people originating from Afghanistan and Pakistan) and is part of the Eastern Iranian family of languages. Pashto is one of two official languages spoken in Afghanistan; the second is Dari. 35 percent of Afghanistan’s population speaks Pashto. Pashtun people in western and ...If you memorize these 500 Pashto words and phrases you will be able to say 75% of all words used on a daily basis. They are for beginners and are essential f...A nineteenth-century Pashto-to-English and English-to-Pashto dictionary. Source=A . Bellew, Henry W. 1867/1983. A Grammar of the Pukkhto or Pukshto Language. London: W. H. Allen. ... Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. 1986. Pashto Basic Course: Teachers’ Manual, Units 1-7. Monterey, CA: Defense Language Institute, …Afghanistan - Dari, Pashto, Turkic: The people of Afghanistan form a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. Pashto and Persian (Dari), both Indo-European languages, are the official languages of the country. More than two-fifths of the population speak Pashto, the language of the Pashtuns, while about half speak some dialect of Persian. …Abstract. George Orwell"s Animal Farm is an allegorical novella translated into Pashto by Rasul Amin during the Afghan War (1979-89). The novel"s motifs and symbols correspond to the contemporary ...There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan; Southern Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan; and Central Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan. The exact number of Pashto speakers is not known for sure, but most estimates range from 45 million to 55 million. Pashto is the first language of between 40% and …Jan 6, 2022 · This video is about English to Pashto sentences.Topic covered1. How to translate English Sentences to Pashto language.2. English to Pashto sentences.3. Engli... Open access. Published: 28 August 2023. The diminutive morphological function between English and Pashto languages: a comparative study. Afzal Khan. Humanities and …Includes remarks on origins of the language; Pashto-English Dictionary; Pashto-English Dictionary; Grammar. iLanguage.org Overview of important grammar rules; Pashto: A Reference Grammar (PDF) Center for Applied Linguistics survey of use and grammar of Pashto language; Vocabulary.Just install this app now and start learning English in Pashto. Speaking and Learning English in Pashto. The effective methods are used in this app, you will easily learn English in Pashto through this free app. Speaking, Understanding, Vocabulary and Grammar, you will learn English in Pashto language. We have used the practical …#Pashto #Tutorial #TeamEnglish To Pashto Vocabulary | Parts Of The Body in English | Human Body Parts Names By Pashto tutorial TeamEnglish To Pashtopashto wo...This grammar of Pashto was designed to accompany a set of beginning- and intermediate-level instructional materials for teaching the Pashto language to English speakers, but can be used separately as a reference by readers who are not learning the language. Introductory sections in English and Pashto describe the content and …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.The Pashto Language:. Spoken by approximately sixty million speakers in the world, Pashto is a language with a pretty old history. The time of its origin is often the topic of debate among language historians but there is no doubt about the fact that it originated from an ancient tongue. Today, it is recognized in the constitutions of …Sep 30, 2022 · 4. Show gratitude (or say "thank you"). The Pashto version of this is Dera Manana. Basically, you would be saying "thank you very much" (Dera=Very much, Manana=thank you). [3] 5. Know how to give certain requests in Pashto: Ask others to "come here". Say "Dalta Raasha" . Contents. 1 Introduction. 2 Greetings in Central Pashto. 2.1 Salaam (سلام) - Hello. 2.2 Tashakor (تشکر) - Thank you. 2.3 Pa khair raghle (په خير راغلې) - Good morning. 2.4 Pa khair sham raghle (په خير شام راغلې) - Good evening. 2.5 Khudai pa aman (خدای په امن) - Goodbye. 2.6 Kala (کښې) - Bye. Pashto to English Translation Service can translate from Pashto to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Pashto into over 160 other languages. Free Online Pashto to English Online Translation Service. The Pashto to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan; Southern Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan; and Central Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan. The exact number of Pashto speakers is not known for sure, but most estimates range from 45 million to 55 million. Pashto is the first language of between 40% and … Pashto (also known as Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan, and an official languge in the province of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa of Pakistan. [7] . It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pashtuns, its speakers, make up majority of the population in Afghanistan. Pashto keyboards in the stock Android version are not available. Our Easy Pashto Language Keyboard represents a useful Pashto online keyboard that has all the Pashto alphabet and can do easy changes of Pashto to English and vice versa English to Pashto. Do you communicate in both English and Pashto, our app is the simplest and …Pashto, Urdu and English language, though fall under the same language family, however, there . are certain typological differences in their syntactic properties. A detailed comparison in Table 1 .A nineteenth-century Pashto-to-English and English-to-Pashto dictionary. Source=A . Bellew, Henry W. 1867/1983. A Grammar of the Pukkhto or Pukshto Language. London: W. H. Allen. ... Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. 1986. Pashto Basic Course: Teachers’ Manual, Units 1-7. Monterey, CA: Defense Language Institute, …Quickly translate words and phrases between English and over 100 languages.Passionate and dedicated trilingual educator proficient in English, Urdu, and Pashto, with a commitment to fostering a dynamic and inclusive learning environment. With a background in teaching diverse student populations, I bring a wealth of experience in language instruction spanning English literature, Urdu language, and Pashto …The English language is limited in terms of inflections in morphology in the noun classes, and similarly, its usage is also largely restricted compared to the Pashto language.English to Pashto Translation Service can translate from English to Pashto language. Additionally, it can also translate English into over 160 other languages. Free Online English to Pashto Online Translation Service. The English to Pashto translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.Category: Geography & Travel. Pashto also spelled: Pashtu. Also called: Pakhtu. Related Topics: Iranian languages. Pashto language, member of the Iranian …The spoken language of educated native speakers, as well as the contemporary literary language as reflected in the media, will be emphasized throughout. Class Objectives This course will familiarize students with the alphabet and sound system of Pashto, and provide a systematic presentation of its basic structure and ordinary use by stressing ...Basic Phrases of the Pashto Language. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a mountainous land-locked country. Strategically located Afghanistan is steeped in history and culture that goes back over 5000 years. Afghanistan is a heterogeneous nation of four major ethnic groups, namely Pashtoons, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. The capital of ... Pashto phonology. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Amongst the Iranian languages, the phonology of Pashto is of middle complexity, but its ... 1.8 Interesting Facts. Pashto language is originated in the regions of Paktika and Paktia areas of Afghanistan. The first Pashto poem was written in the 7th century. Most of the English words begin with the letter S than any other letter. English is third most commonly spoken language in the world. 1.9 Similar To.With Speechify Pashto video translator you can automatically dub your video or audio from English to Pashto or 80+ other languages. No need for expensive processes, equipment, or voice talent. Instantly make your Pashto videos accessible to the Pashto speaking world with the best video translation app. Try dubbing for free. These languages are quite separate from the West Iranian (or Persian) subgroup consisting of languages such as Farsi, Dari, and Tajiki. Approximately 40 million people speak Pashto as a native language with the majority of Pashto speakers live in Afghanistan (estimated 12 million) and Pakistan (about 27 million). Pashto bilingual resources. Early Years funding guidance for parents. Starting school booklet in Pashto. Phonics for parents in Pashto. Bilingual babies in Pashto. Pronouncing the phonemes in Pashto. UK Education system.The results show that politeness exists both in the Pashto language and British English, but the respondents of British English have shown more consideration towards negative politeness than the ...Aug 9, 2021 · In this video you guys will learn pashto in english language so watch this short video English to pashto sentences till endthanks(Cover topic)Pashto Anyoneen... Pashto/Pushto/Pukhto is a group of varieties used by as many as 30 million people in Afghanistan and Pakistan, yet a grammar describing these varieties collectively has not been published. The CASL Pashto grammar originates from extensive use of both primary and secondary materials. It attends to features of both spoken and written forms …Native to: Afghanistan and Pakistan Region: South Asia, Central Asia Official language in: Afghanistan [4] 50,000,000. In the English - Pashto dictionary you will find phrases with …About this app. Learn English in Pashto language Is English Learning app which is targeted for Pashto speakers. There are millions of Pashto Language speakers around the world, specifically in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pashto is one of the oldest language of the world. We have made this Pashto Speaking Course for all the Pashto … These languages are quite separate from the West Iranian (or Persian) subgroup consisting of languages such as Farsi, Dari, and Tajiki. Approximately 40 million people speak Pashto as a native language with the majority of Pashto speakers live in Afghanistan (estimated 12 million) and Pakistan (about 27 million). Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Pashto. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Pashto vocabulary. English Numbers. Pashto Numbers. Ordinal Numbers. asem meshetq zeyat shemer - اسم مشتق زيات شمېر. first. lewmṛa - لومړی. second. The increasing number of Pashto-English hybrid forms is a threat to language. However, Pashto-English convergence seems to be the most likely possibility of the mixing rather than a shift to English. A new variety of Pashto may emerge, which will be richer in vocabulary, highly adaptable and having the least proficiency issues for the speakers.Mar 21, 2022 · Afghan Children Read offers 330 books in Dari and Pashto for early grades. Additional Resources: Reading materials in Pashto/Dari reading for grades 1-3, including PDFs of books and workbooks.<. This resource offers flashcards that are English-Dari and English-Pashto. These flashcards show how to pronounce English words phonetically in Dari ...
Native to: Afghanistan and Pakistan Region: South Asia, Central Asia Official language in: Afghanistan [4] 50,000,000. In the English - Pashto dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time. . Flight washington chicago
Pashto (Pushto, Pakhto or Pukhto) is spoken in many countries across the globe but is a major language in Afghanistan and Pakistan. According to Iqbal and Rahman (2016), the total number of native ...Afghanistan - Dari, Pashto, Turkic: The people of Afghanistan form a complex mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups. Pashto and Persian (Dari), both Indo-European languages, are the official languages of the country. More than two-fifths of the population speak Pashto, the language of the Pashtuns, while about half speak some dialect of Persian. …Mar 7, 2024 · Pashto incorporates two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. Like English, it has both singular and plural forms of words. Nouns and adjectives in Pashto use declension, or form changes, to signify gender, number, and case. These changes are made so that words “agree” with one another in gender and number. Pashto is a member of the southeastern Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. There are three main varieties of Pashto: Northern Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan; Southern Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan; and Central Pashto, spoken mainly in Pakistan. Most Popular Phrases for Pashto to English Translation Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 5,900+ language pairs Pashto is an important language in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It has a rich history and is spoken by millions of people around the world. Despite declining popularity, Pashto remains integral to Pakistani and Afghan culture. The Pashto Language is some 2500 years old, but its origin is unclear. News. • BBC - VOA - DW: news in Pashto. Texts & Literature. • The diwan by Abdul Rahman Mohmand (or Rahman Baba) عبدالرحمان مومند Sufi, one of the greatest Pashtun poet (17 th -18 th) • Tanzil: translation of the Quran into Pashto by Abdulwali Khan. • The Quran translated into Pashto. English to Pashto Translation Service can translate from English to Pashto language. Additionally, it can also translate English into over 160 other languages. Free Online English to Pashto Online Translation Service. The English to Pashto translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. Free English lessons for Pashto speakers Learn basic English — or help someone learn! These free lessons grew out of an English tutor’s frustration at only being able to help one immigrant family at a time, when basic English skills could help so many — particularly the suddenly-isolated wives and family members of English-speaking visa […] INTRODUCTION English...Welcome. Urdu.....kushamedeed. Pashto...pakhair raghlay پخير راغلې English...May u live in peace. Urdu.....App aman say...The English language is limited in terms of inflections in morphology in the noun classes, and similarly, its usage is also largely restricted compared to the Pashto language.Pashto/Pushto/Pukhto is a group of varieties used by as many as 30 million people in Afghanistan and Pakistan, yet a grammar describing these varieties collectively has not been published. The CASL Pashto grammar originates from extensive use of both primary and secondary materials. It attends to features of both spoken and written forms …This grammar of Pashto was designed to accompany a set of beginning- and intermediate-level instructional materials for teaching the Pashto language to English speakers, but can be used separately as a reference by readers who are not learning the language. Introductory sections in English and Pashto describe the content and …Pashto - English Translation, Dictionary, Text To Speech, detect language, Back translation, decoder, keyboard, spelling, Compare translation, Translate and Listen, Download Extension ... 100 languages: Extension for Google Chrome. Add-on for Mozilla Firefox. Add-on for Opera. Translate and Speak. Compare Translators. DOWNLOAD …A Transparent Pashto Language Course: Learn Anytime with Online, Mobile, Interactive, Social and Software Tools. ... Free Language brings together the best in language education from across the world. Uncover language learning resources, listen to industry podcasts, dive into memory and methods, scan polyglot news sources and much more. ...Aug 28, 2023 · English language, a part of the Indo-European language which is a West Germanic language family and is closely related to Frisian, German and Pashto. In the whole world, more than 1.75 billion people speak English. ده انګلش خبري اترې ګفتګو په پښتو کښې زده کړﺉ او روان انګش وواېToday you will learn English full conversation in pashto language # ... To tell someone that you love them in Pashto, say either: I love you. Za ta sara meena laram. I love you. Za ta sara meena kawam. The above phrases both mean ‘I love you’ and can be used interchangeably. Check out this video (YouTube) to hear the pronunciation of ‘I love you’ by a native Pashto speaker. Make saying ‘I love you’ in ...Just install this app now and start learning English in Pashto. Speaking and Learning English in Pashto. The effective methods are used in this app, you will easily learn English in Pashto through this free app. Speaking, Understanding, Vocabulary and Grammar, you will learn English in Pashto language. We have used the practical ….